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Eugenio Rignano
Eugenio Rignano (31 May 1870 in Livorno – 9 February 1930 in Milan) was a Jewish Italian philosopher.〔Everett V. Stonequist. ''Eugenio Rignano, 1870-1930''. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 36, No. 2 (Sep., 1930), pp. 282-284.〕
==Biography==
Rignano edited the journal ''Scientia''. His book ''The Psychology of Reasoning'' (1923) influenced the social anthropologist Edward Evans-Pritchard.〔Mary Douglas, ''Edward Evans-Pritchard'', 1980, pp.20–21〕 His book ''Man Not a Machine'' (1926) was replied to by Joseph Needham's ''Man A Machine'' (1927).〔Colin Lyas, 'Rignano, Eugenio', in Stuart C. Brown et al, eds., ''Biographical dictionary of twentieth-century philosophy'', 1996, p.668〕
Rignano took interest in biology and wrote a book that argued for the inheritance of acquired characteristics.〔M. Lightfoot Eastwood. ''Reviewed Work: Eugenio Rignano Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters by C.H. Harvey''. International Journal of Ethics Vol. 23, No. 1 (Oct., 1912), pp. 117-118.〕 He advanced a moderated Lamarckian hypothesis of inheritance known as "centro-epigenesis".〔Horatio Hackett Newman. ''Readings in Evolution, Genetics, and Eugenics''. University of Chicago Press, 1922. p. 335〕〔Biological Memory by Eugenio Rignano; E. W. MacBride. The British Medical Journal. Vol. 2, No. 3476 (Aug. 20, 1927), p. 310〕 His views were controversial and not accepted by most in the scientific community.〔((1) Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters (2) Biological Aspects of Human Problems ). Nature 89, 576-578 (8 August 1912). 〕 His book ''The Nature of Life'' (1930) was described in a review as presenting a "militant, at times almost an evangelical exposition and defense of an energetic vitalism."〔R. B. Macleod. ''The Nature of Life by Eugenio Rignano''. American Journal of Psychology. Vol. 45, No. 1 (Jan., 1933), pp. 197-198.〕 However, historian Peter J. Bowler has written that Rignano rejected both materialism and vitalism and adopted a similar position to what was known as emergent evolution.〔Peter J. Bowler. ''The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolutionary Theories in the Decades Around 1900''. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. p. 84〕
Rignano's views on acquired characteristics and organic memory are discussed in detail by historian Laura Otis and psychologist Daniel Schacter.〔Laura Otis. ''Organic Memory: History and the Body in the Late Nineteenth & Early Twentieth Centuries''. University of Nebraska Press, 1994. pp. 17-18〕〔Daniel Schacter. ''Forgotten Ideas, Neglected Pioneers: Richard Semon and the Story of Memory''. Psychology Press, 2001. pp. 116-117〕
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